What are the differences between PM and VR and Hybrid stepper motors?

A PM motor, short for permanent magnet stepper motor, uses permanent magnet steel in its rotor. The stator of PM motor is manufactured with claw-shaped tooth poles through stamping, while the rotor uses radial multi-pole magnetized permanent magnet steel. Operating Principle: The magnetic field generated by the direction of coil current interacts with the rotor magnetic field through mutual repulsion, causing the motor to rotate forward/reverse. VR Motor: A VR stepper motor features teeth on both the rotor and stator, where magnetic force is concentrated. Most cores use ferromagnetic materials such as iron, which it is abundant and facilitates the easy passage of magnetic flux. Unlike other types, VR stepper motors lack magnets, which means they cannot provide holding torque or braking torque when stationary. HB Motor: A hybrid stepper motor is a combine the design and advantages of both permanent magnet and variable reluctance stepper motors. Consequently, a hybrid stepper motor incorporates a permanent magnet rotor along with a toothed rotor and stator. Equipped with strong permanent magnets, toothed rotors and stators, and a minimal air gap, hybrid stepper motors concentrate magnetic flux more effectively than the other two types. By stacking magnetic laminations, these motors achieve low losses, allowing magnetic flux to pass through easily.

Characteristic	Permanent Magnet stepper motors	Variable Reluctance stepper motors	Hybrid stepper motors
Cost	Relatively Cheap	Moderate	Relatively expensive
Design	Moderate	Simple	Complex
Resolution	step angle: 3°~30°	step angle: 1.8°, 0.9° and smaller	step angle: 1.8°, 0.9° and smaller
Speed Torque curve	High Torque at low speed, more pronounced torque drop at high speed	Less pronounced torque drop at high speed	High Torque at low speed, more pronounced torque drop at high speed (Maximum torque at the same speed)
Noise	Quiet	Noisy	Quiet(quieter if using microstepping)
Heat	Low temperature rise	High temperature rise(Need heat sink)	Low temperature rise
Microstepping	Full, Half and Microstepping	Typically run in Full-Step only	Full, Half and Microstepping
Rotor material	Ferrite magnet or NdFeB	Silicon steel sheet or iron(Non-permanent magnet)	NdFeB

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